you need air for guns to function
bullets would just fall off the gun
Bullets have oxidizer inside them, they can't wait for air all around the gun to ignite, the powder has to burn all at once for the explosion to work. You can shoot guns underwater too, the bullet just slows down much faster.
equal and opposite reaction. the recoil would be bonkers
The recoil would be no worse than on Earth. As long as you have something to absorb it, you're fine. Especially with an M-16 that has springs to absorb the recoil anyway.
>As long as you have something to absorb it, you're fine
I think that's what anon means, with lower gravity you've got lower normal force so your standard firing stance is going to channel a lot less of the recoil into the ground
You can, the issue with guns underwater is cycling them. In other words, unless they're designed for it, that first underwater shot is probably your only one. And bullets are fricking useless underwater.
Modern rounds contain everything they need to fire inside the casing, so a lack of air isn't going to be a problem. Not inherently, at least.
Same here, I know shit about guns, but I do know there are special underwater guns, I think they fire darts or something? Either way, you can probably create some kind of special space gun.
It's not about working, it's about what they mean. Space is about exploration and advancing mankind, not continuing the petty fights we have down here.
>Space is about exploration and advancing mankind, not continuing the petty fights we have down here.
I love space and agree with that, but saying that in this context makes you sound like a massive homosexual. You've gotta be realistic in the sense that wherever humanity goes they bring humanity with them, and the reason why we fight on earth is far more complex than petty tribalism.
I gotta agree that he sounds like a massive homosexual, but the thing that people fail to grasp, is that space is HARD. No amount ogayoc technology is going to somehow make space easy.
So when humans try to bring along all their favorite bigotries and biases and nasty habits and addictions.... They are going to notice that space does not give a frick, and space will kick their ass.
It's not until we've lost a few colonies to really stupid avoidable bullshit that humans will appreciate how easy we've had it on this little dirt clod.
space filled with worthless shit no one cares about, you bet your ass countries are gonna fight over every gram of something worthwhile we just aren't there yet because we can barely manage to have people orbiting the earth let alone reaching anything worth something
Holy shit you just don't realise countries can't claim territory in space. >outer space is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means;
https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introouterspacetreaty.html
2 years ago
Anonymous
>international treaties are followed
2 years ago
Anonymous
See how that stands the test of the first viable commercial application of, say, mineral extraction
2 years ago
Anonymous
>oh no, they're mining that asteroid! >shit, that means there's only 29864826464896741 asteroids to mine from! time to build the space battleship Yamato and go to wa over that one asteroid!
Life isn't a movie, anon.
2 years ago
Anonymous
Never, EVER reply to me with such a dumb post, "friend"
2 years ago
Anonymous
>oh shit they're mining that asteroid >but we just surveyed that asteroid last week! frick them it's ours
2 years ago
Anonymous
wars in space will probably not happen even if there's a reason for it, it's way too easy too frick up space entirely for everyone for ever for it to be worth it, we're more likely to fill the earths orbit with debris than we are to making it very far in space, it's like with nukes, we live in a gentleman's agreement to not fight any big wars to not use them to not destroy most of the world
2 years ago
Anonymous
never heard of a thing called Scorched Earth?
2 years ago
Anonymous
>Scorched Earth
We're talking about the Moon
2 years ago
Anonymous
I'm talking about a country about to lose a war and it's chance to ever catch up to the space race so they crash a few satellites together to start a nice Kessler Syndrome and put a hold on launching anything into space for a few decades while they rebuild.
2 years ago
Anonymous
Anyone can claim anything with enough firepower.
2 years ago
Anonymous
Do you think by "landgrab" I meant some homosexual in a powdered wig waving a piece of paper in a national rival's face?
2 years ago
Anonymous
oh no someone should tell Russia their not allowed to annex Crimea
2 years ago
Anonymous
This goes out the window the second we can keep people in space indefinitely, if I could piss on your head and all of your attempts to climb into space I would.
Point is, in space it is easy for everyone to get annihilated at the same time. A little hole in a huge spaceship can mean desruction of the whole ship. It's best not to start fighting in the first place.
[...]
[...]
napkin math says you can shoot a gun in a vacuum pretty fast without overheating it. they would probably have to invent hotter barrel materials and paints that are emissive while blocking peak solar wavelengths though.
thermal radiation is P=ƐσAT^4
heat gained from shooting is P=X rounds/min * E joules/shot
equate, X = ƐσAT^4 / E
E = 318J from barrel friction according to something i googled, ignoring gas transfer
A = barrel area ~= 0.03m^2
T = maximum barrel temperature, say 500F = 533K for sake of argument
X = Ɛ * σ * 0.03m^2 * (533K)^4 / 318J ~= 30 rounds/min
>A little hole in a huge spaceship can mean desruction of the whole ship.
I bet you thought the depressurization scene in Alien Resurrection was realistic too.
Delta P between space and out atmosphere is 1 atmosphere, or 1 bar
It's the same as between sea level and 10m underwater aka fricking nothing
You could plug a hole in a spaceship with your finger
2 years ago
Anonymous
>You could plug a hole in a spaceship with your finger
Sure, if you're around to plug it, and you know, not dead from lack of oxygen, or a fire, or high CO2, or one of a million things that can go wrong in space. Guns in space are just adding a few more things to what can go wrong.
Is that why the astronauts on the ISS have to go into the Soyuz "lifeboat" every time there's a small piece of debris flying their way?
2 years ago
Anonymous
>what is impact velocity
2 years ago
Anonymous
>bullets fired in space are slow
2 years ago
Anonymous
Where did I imply that?
2 years ago
Anonymous
300 m/s vs 10000 m/s
>You could plug a hole in a spaceship with your finger
Sure, if you're around to plug it, and you know, not dead from lack of oxygen, or a fire, or high CO2, or one of a million things that can go wrong in space. Guns in space are just adding a few more things to what can go wrong.
that's all well and good until the other guy shows up with guns and you don't have any
2 years ago
Anonymous
Compared to a piece of debris from a satellite on a different orbit, yes, they are slow.
2 years ago
Anonymous
that's because safety procedures are written by quivering little israeli bureaucrats, not chad space explorers
2 years ago
Anonymous
The ISS literally had a leak in the russian module cause some idiot in ground crew fricked up his drilling and didnt tell anyone. They patched the hole and moved on.
Explosive decompression is a myth.
2 years ago
Anonymous
a small piece of metal going very fast would go through the station. decompression isn't the only danger. debris can hit electronics, puncture oxygen and water lines deep inside the craft, somewhere they can't reach, or reach quickly enough. it can destroy vital circuit boards, wires, etc. sure they may have redundant systems, but that means a few pieces can frick it up, or one lucky one.
2 years ago
Anonymous
no, Roscosmos insisted that it was the American femoid astronaut on her period who did that
>A little hole in a huge spaceship can mean desruction of the whole ship
Lmao. Lmao.
Also what guns are you shooting? Regular bullets bend and break in humans. They're soft metal, compared to the stuff we make space ships from.
Anon space ships are very fragile. You could punch through the skin of an Apollo lander with your elbow if you weren't careful.
2 years ago
Anonymous
And if we get to the point of sending humans into space for exploration, the ships will be made from much stronger materials. You do understand about the great distance objects in space are apart, right?
The disposable shit we send to the moon 50 years ago weren't made to last for human transport.
Those are not the base state of reality; it has only (ever seemingly) been made that way by the “archons”; read the rundown, various resources, and answers to the questions in the directory of the threads in the pastebin paste in the image posted in my reply.
We never would have lived long enough to develop language, let alone guns, if humans weren't naturally a social grouping animal.
Put down the Hobbes and Locke. We wrote more accurate ideas since then. Rousseau would be a good start, but even that's not the place to stop.
No one idea has been true enough to unite peoples beyond the 300 person grouping.
In fact, it’s one of the reasons we’re looking for a grand unified theory of everything, something we can all agree on regardless of where we are in history.
Christianity and other religions have a good idea in unifying all of humanity under one idea, problem is and always was that that idea was false, not resistant to the slightest actual scrutiny.
A GUT doesn’t have that weakness.
Oh. You're so uneducated that you never learned about trade. Sorry, I assumed that you were educated in more than NRA propaganda.
You never would have gotten to the point of guns, if your Hobbesian ideas were true. We would have murdered each other with clubs and never advanced beyond.
2 years ago
Anonymous
Trade? Trade doesn’t unify, it brings together but the whole entire point is leaving separately again.
A meme like that, with no oversight on grifters?
Is no meme to carry humanity into deep time lol.
>Sooner or later combat in space will happen.
By the time we reach that level of technological advancement all the fights will be settled on Earth, one way or another.
Never, EVER reply to me with such a dumb post, "friend"
Next time think before you post, "comrade".
>oh shit they're mining that asteroid >but we just surveyed that asteroid last week! frick them it's ours
>By the time we reach that level of technological advancement
Anon, we have the technology to have space combat right now.
If so inclined the space force could use the X-37B to push some enemy nation's vital satellites into a deorbit trajectory, we could have a cosmonaut on the ISS decide to strangle an american astronaut to death, Space X could have send a space capsule loaded with explosives to rendezvous with with the chinese Tiangong station to destroy it.
The possibility exists now, it's just that nobody has bothered to do so yet but for all we know things could go to shit any day now.
I have read that in the 80s some planners considered the struggle in orbit to be similar in significance to the Battle of the Atlantic in WW2 - something that unless it was won no other theatre victory would be feasible.
this scene is a mess. one second she has a spoon and he's drinking out of the cup, the next he has a spoon and she's drinking out of the cup. did they have to reshoot or something?
Based. Wasn't it going to be used to shoot down other satellites?
Yes, and you're right. The force would in fact be the exact same as it is on earth. Only difference would be the amount of traction between your boots and the ground due to the lower gravity, but nothing your stance couldn't correct for.
>nothing your stance couldn't correct for.
what do you call the stance for firing in space?
2 years ago
Anonymous
>stance
Look at the picture, they're shooting the guns on the surface of the moon. >Shooting other sats
Pretty much, yeah. These things were supposed to be crewed spy sats, basically. Electronics weren't reliable enough that you could trust the sat to do its job autonomously, so you'd put a couple guys in the sat, and have them take pictures through a telescope pointed at earth. They can talk to the ground and describe the pictures, or they can send the pictures down on a re-entry capsule (this is before you could send high rez pictures through radio). But what if the yanks decide to send a ship to capture your guys because they don't want some picture they took to make it back to the motherland? The answer is you mount a gun on the station, and turn the whole station to aim the gun at anything that comes too close for confort.
They did test fire the guns a couple times, and apparently it shook the whole station rather violently, but they never actually used them while there was crew on-board. Then electronics made the whole manned spy sat concept redundant.
2 years ago
Anonymous
>what do you call the stance for firing in space?
They're called manuevering thrusters, you know, the shit they use to fly around in space. >shoot >tiny recoil pushes you >correct your movement by moving the opposite direction
Wew so hard. How do you think astronauts spacewalk? With such thrusters.
One of the gayest things about a Sci-Fi is the idea that we’d form a one world government of humanity in every damn work that’s been made. Like we’ll drop part of ourselves and part of nature and all the history behind it because we shot our asses into a black void.
We got into space because of inter-human conflict, same as the competition over the new world. The frontiers of humanity have no place for your homosexual hippy bullshit.
>Like we’ll drop part of ourselves and part of nature and all the history behind it because we shot our asses into a black void.
Not "drop", but grow out of, evolve from. We don't live in caves and hunt our food any more, do we? We don't bleed people to cure them of illnesses.
There's several posts that are very confidently and aggressively wrong in that thread, and I can't help but wonder if it's just one gay (the one your post was replying to) or several. Can't figure out which is worse.
[...]
The airliner was shot down in real life too.
>The airliner was shot down in real life too.
I meant more the motivations in the show.
Anon that's an incident that actually happened in real life you dipshit. Korean Air Flight 007, shot down by Soviet fighters after accidentally straying into Soviet airspace. It was part of the reason that GPS got opened up to civilian use.
In the show, the Soviets actually have better reason than IRL. In-universe the incident happened near a top secret USSR launch site.
>In-universe the incident happened near a top secret USSR launch site.
Do you think by "landgrab" I meant some homosexual in a powdered wig waving a piece of paper in a national rival's face?
I don't know what you meant, I don't read minds.
>By the time we reach that level of technological advancement
Anon, we have the technology to have space combat right now.
If so inclined the space force could use the X-37B to push some enemy nation's vital satellites into a deorbit trajectory, we could have a cosmonaut on the ISS decide to strangle an american astronaut to death, Space X could have send a space capsule loaded with explosives to rendezvous with with the chinese Tiangong station to destroy it.
The possibility exists now, it's just that nobody has bothered to do so yet but for all we know things could go to shit any day now.
>The possibility exists now, it's just that nobody has bothered to do so yet
Likely they never will.
>we'll "grow out" of conflicts for material or resources or ideology >he says as the US and russia are currently fighting a proxy war in Ukraine
Hopeless fool
>I don't know what you meant, I don't read minds.
you don't read history books either. Colonies only stayed in the hands of nations that could defend them. This is the real reason why the US was able to buy Louisiana and Alaska, because France and Russia knew they were going to lose them eventually anyway.
>just goes to show how much of a shithole this website is
they're zoomers who grew up on STD and pew pew pew nu-trek. They didn't watch TNG and didn't have Picard on TV instilling good morals and ethics in them.
Picard has the benefit of living centuries in the future and inheriting a culture with minimal scarcity and prejudice. For All Mankind is set in an alt-history 20th century Space Race, where the objective of scientific exploration is to dunk on other terrestrial countries.
We can't escape the truths of human nature. Only reason any human ever set foot on the war was because of the Cold War and the Space Race. Right now the glorious moon base future is being built by reptilian billionaires like Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos, based purely on infinite greed. And you can be damn sure there will be political and economic conflicts about the moon and its space and resources in the future. We already got military satellites and anti-satellite weapons, we're getting space weapons for sure and we will continue to kill each other on the moon and on mars and wherever else we're going. We're aggressive apes who learned to use tools.
That’s not the true nature of humanity (conflict and war); see
Those are not the base state of reality; it has only (ever seemingly) been made that way by the “archons”; read the rundown, various resources, and answers to the questions in the directory of the threads in the pastebin paste in the image posted in my reply.
space is the most petty fight of all man kind, you have all these billions placed by countries to "explore" space but really they just want to seize control ,and will shoot at each other the first chance they get. >he thinks man's petty fights will disappear once you leave the ionosphere.
>Space is about exploration and advancing mankind, not continuing the petty fights we have down here.
Peak delusion. Competition of the ideas on how to advance mankind (from monotheism vs polytheism to Communism vs Capitalism) is one of the primary fuels for conflicts.
>It's not about working, it's about what they mean. Space is about exploration and advancing mankind, not continuing the petty fights we have down here.
What a ignorant and limited mindset
Guns allow weak men to feel powerful. It's anti-natural, thus liberal. All the atheist revolutions were due to the peasants having guns. And that's since the 1800s.
History went to shit when guns were used. It's a fact. Real men used swords, but with guns the peasants felt they were knights and this removed the boundary between the alpha aristocracy with the beta men.
Tyranny doesn't just go away when you go to space and throw out your means of self defense.
Much wiser men than you who lived through harder times than either of us put guns in the American constitution for a reason.
Parsing that into English >Space should be about capitalism and enriching a few people, either openly through private enterprise or covertly through state-led programmes. >why would that cause fights between competing groups, this makes me uncomfortable!
Bullets don't have nearly the same mass as a human + space suit + rifle. The recoil would be minimal even in zero G, the OP scene take place on the surface of the moon.
>Bullets don't have nearly the same mass as a human + space suit + rifle
do you understand how a bullet works? The detonation that gives a bullet enough kinetic energy to go through someone doesn't just work in one direction
he's saying you big, bullet very small, so you not go too fast from bullet
2 years ago
Anonymous
There's several posts that are very confidently and aggressively wrong in that thread, and I can't help but wonder if it's just one gay (the one your post was replying to) or several. Can't figure out which is worse.
Why did the Soviets shoot down a passenger airliner? To kill Tom and Ellen? Why not poison them in a hotel? Season 2 is becoming dumber by the episode. I don't think I'll watch Season 3. This just became good guys vs. bad guys dumb action shit. Nothing to do with space or space exploration any more. Even the astronauts are just working in a mine like manual labourers.
The airliner was shot down in real life too.
2 years ago
Anonymous
>There's several posts that are very confidently and aggressively wrong in that thread
I am the one who posted
Bullets don't have nearly the same mass as a human + space suit + rifle. The recoil would be minimal even in zero G, the OP scene take place on the surface of the moon.
I am indeed saying that the combined mass of your body/suit/rifle is considerably more than that of a single bullet and that while the firing of that bullet would impart an opposing force on you it would not be enough to send you flying backwards like a cartoon character like you implied.
Especially when inside a gravity well like on the surface of the moon.
2 years ago
Anonymous
Yes, and you're right. The force would in fact be the exact same as it is on earth. Only difference would be the amount of traction between your boots and the ground due to the lower gravity, but nothing your stance couldn't correct for.
2 years ago
Anonymous
The bullet travels about 400 m/s in air, it's going to be accelerated up to much more than that in a vacuum with no air resistance. You are going to feel that same force in reaction, and yeah, you're bigger than the bullet, but you're not sufficiently bigger that the force is going to be negligible especially since lower g, lower friction is going to allow you to dissipate much less of that energy through your legs into the ground.
2 years ago
Anonymous
>being this confident while being this much of a midwit
2 years ago
Anonymous
I accept your graceless dfefeat
2 years ago
Anonymous
Yes anon, also space is cold and the slightest leak in a spaceship will trigger an explosive decompression, right?
2 years ago
Anonymous
Do you find that sarcasm is the refuge of people who know what they're talking about and have a solid argument? Is that your experience?
2 years ago
Anonymous
No I'm just laughing at you mate
2 years ago
Anonymous
feels more like seethe tbh
the impotent seething of a brainlet in denial
2 years ago
Anonymous
You do not understand the difference between weight and inertia, and I find that that, combined with your absolute confidence in yourself is rather funny. But don't let me interrupt, please keep explaining how guns are impossible to use in space.
2 years ago
Anonymous
OK, I'm sure someone somewhere is impressed by your ineffectual snark
Yes
But a bullet is accelerated very rapidly up to half a kilometre per second
Even if that same force is distributed through a mass a thousand times that of a bullet it's still substantial especially in an environment where it can't readily be dissipated into the ground
2 years ago
Anonymous
The force would be exactly the same as it is when you fire the same gun on earth. No more, no less, gravity or ambient pressure don't factor into that. The only difference would be the traction the soles of your boot get on the ground. If it's possible to fire a gun while standing on an ice rink (it would be awkward, but possible, and you could become proficient at it with training), then it's possible on the moon.
Guns used to be water cooled. Space guns would just be super bulky but that’s less of a problem cause that actually solves some of the kickback problems
the brass absorbs most of the heat. they'll still heat up much more than in air, but you can fire a bunch of bullets before you start damaging even an ordinary rifle, never mind something space-adapted that has an eight times thicker barrel (the extra weight now only matters logistically, not tactically)
the problem with space is that there is no protection from that sun not that it's closer or further away from it, if you're on a shade i would be super fricking cold and on sun light super hot
2 years ago
Anonymous
But you could go further from it to mitigate the heat problem.
2 years ago
Anonymous
space itself is not hot or cold, whatever piece of earth you're on is hot or cold, the moon itself can reach + or - 130 c depending on if the sun was heating it or not
2 years ago
Anonymous
It’s cholt.
2 years ago
Anonymous
Semantics. You wouldn't get hot if you were sufficiently far from a heat source.
2 years ago
Anonymous
preferably you would be wearing a space suit that offers insulation, as for the gun it probably wouldn't be too hard to design one that would work just fine in extreme space heat compared to keeping someone alive and traveling in space
2 years ago
Anonymous
In this case, the literal space marines were pulled together as quickly as possible for deployment to Jamestown after the USSR began unilaterally claiming dig sites the US was exploring. Quick adaptions of weapons they were already familiar with made more sense than rushing something 'more suitable' through R&D.
if you want to be scientifically accurate space is hot but the density of particles is very low, near vacuum. Guns would overheat because there's no particles to dissipate heat into from the metal
Heat is the statistical combined total movement of all atoms in a given space right? Does that mean a vacuum is cold by definition? I guess it would insulate against all heat transfers except for radiant heat? Just woke up
It's more that space is the absence of things. There's no medium to carry that heat to begin with. 'Cold' implies the presence of a medium lacking heat. Different from the near complete absence of one to begin with.
Assuming a perfect vacuum, then space has no temperature. In practice perfect vacuums don't exist, but it's close enough that you can't meaningfully talk about the temperature of space
I find it odd that they started the show off with Russia sending women into space and leading the charge, but we haven't seen a single female cosmonaut since.
Firstly, season 3 should have began with the collapse of the USSR and the new space race just being private enterprise and NASA. The narrative is too muddled with this three way, but I guess USSR is now out of the race now, so maybe that was the plan? Feels half wienered.
Secondly, if this is an alternative future where the USSR is still thriving past expiration date, they should be given some concessions too. It wasn't half bad in the USSR while the money was still flowing, and in this universe we must imagine that's how it is. So why is USSR still being portrayed as a failing backwater shithole? Honestly the USSR in this series is less progressive than the real life USSR who ran the Interkosmos program and put people from many nations into space.
This feels like an extremely unfair portrayal of the USSR, and its turning into flat out commie bashing propaganda instead of the original premise of the USSR forcing the USA to become more progressive.
>I find it odd that they started the show off with Russia sending women into space and leading the charge, but we haven't seen a single female cosmonaut since.
That's actually pretty historically accurate. Russians sent a woman in space just to flex, but it was a publicity stunt and nothing else, their astronaut training program wasn't open to women for a while.
I'll concede the handwaving "we just have nuclear fusion now" (and nuclear engines) is pretty annoying too, but at least it's a technical point and doesn't completely ruin the aesthetic of space and how intricate things are.
The floating hotel looks like a star trek set.
It looks straight out of 2000 a space odyssey you philistine
2 years ago
Anonymous
>then space has no temperature
yes, it's absolute 0, 0K. that is still a temperature
2 years ago
Anonymous
>It looks straight out of 2000 a space odyssey you philistine
Which is precisely why it shouldn't be in this show.
2 years ago
Anonymous
The station in the movie is based on a real Wernher Von Braun concept
>then space has no temperature
yes, it's absolute 0, 0K. that is still a temperature
Temperature is the average energy of the particles in a given volume. In a hypothetical perfect vacuum where there are no particles in a given volume, how do you measure the energy of the particles? There are none.
Allow me a metaphor. You're a virgin, you've never slept with a woman. Now, I'm asking you to describe how attractive the average woman you've slept with is, with a rating out of ten. Is the answer zero? How can you tell me the average woman you've slept with is ugly, when you've never slept with a woman? No, the answer is not zero. You can't make an average between zero data points. The question is simply meaningless.
2 years ago
Anonymous
>Temperature is the average energy of the particles in a given volume.
No, it's the number on your thermometer, nerd.
2 years ago
Anonymous
It's worth keeping in mind how in the show the NASA female astronaut program was almost shitcanned the second time when it stopped being politically relevant, only kept alive because they essentially went behind the admin's back. Russia wouldn't tolerate such a thing in their program.
Adding to this, in real life Buran was autonomous and flew into orbit, around the world, then landed completely autonomously. In the 80s. They were more advanced in real life than the damn show.
The show's decision to make the Buran a literal shuttle clone rather than a shuttle inspired design was a curious one.
2 years ago
Anonymous
>The show's decision to make the Buran a literal shuttle clone rather than a shuttle inspired design was a curious one.
The shows decision to make the USSR look like bumbling fools always needing US guidance is a clear one. Commies bad!
2 years ago
Anonymous
I received a warning for posting this image, even though it is literally a screenshot of the show, and the subtitles are word for word what he says.
2 years ago
Anonymous
It wiped the smile off his face permanently.
2 years ago
Anonymous
Forget the race to Mars, what about the race to take Margo the Virgo's virginity? Now that Sergei is out of the game, it's anyone's race.
2 years ago
Anonymous
>implying she isn't having gin and grass fueled orgies at the jazz bar
2 years ago
Anonymous
All public serveants are degenerates...orgies in nasa are common
2 years ago
Anonymous
>That's actually pretty historically accurate
Perfect, just what an 'alternative history' show needs.
Would overheat and freeze just from the vacuum + direct sunlight or shadow and no air to transfer heat.
The recoil would hit like crazy.
Just use missiles.
Why would the recoil hit harder in space than on earth moron? Its your body absorbing the recoil, not the moon or the atmosphere. holy shit lmao, muricans are so fking moronic.
Wouldn't they overheat if they had no air to cool with?
Radiation is the only way heat can be transferred in space, thus they are painted white to reflect the most light and prevent overheating.
napkin math says you can shoot a gun in a vacuum pretty fast without overheating it. they would probably have to invent hotter barrel materials and paints that are emissive while blocking peak solar wavelengths though.
thermal radiation is P=ƐσAT^4
heat gained from shooting is P=X rounds/min * E joules/shot
equate, X = ƐσAT^4 / E
E = 318J from barrel friction according to something i googled, ignoring gas transfer
A = barrel area ~= 0.03m^2
T = maximum barrel temperature, say 500F = 533K for sake of argument
X = Ɛ * σ * 0.03m^2 * (533K)^4 / 318J ~= 30 rounds/min
no they wouldn't. bullets would be weightless like humans. shooting someone in space would be like hitting someone with a feather. the bullets would just float away. learn some science, stupid.
I usually don't respond to morons but in this case I'll make an exception. In this experiment it's proven that in space, a feather weighs the same as a bowling ball:
That's not about them having the same weight.
It just demonstrates that in the absence of an atmosphere, gravity causes objects to accelerate at the same rate regardless of their weight.
The bowling ball will still hit the ground harder.
Weight IS acceleration due to gravity. Physics as we're taught it makes no sense in space.
2 years ago
Anonymous
>In science and engineering, the weight of an object is the force acting on the object due to gravity.
The force, not the acceleration. Acceleration depends on mass of the object and the force acting upon it. In case of the feather and the bowling ball the force acting on them is actually different, but the acceleration is the same. Pretty mindblowing stuff if you think about it, huh? Shows how physics are like clockwork.
I've been enjoying it. A little slow to start but episode 4 was exactly what I watch the show for. It's a very specific flavour of everything going worse than you thought it could.
Why? The only issue I can come up with for it is that there's no way you could shoulder one in a real space suit and if you fired it while floating it would set you spinning.
>Why?
Because we're supposed to present a united front to the aliens.
There's also space further away from the sun, you know
There's also space further away from the sun, you know
>There's also space further away from the sun, you know
No, you just get closer to another sun.
[...]
Space isn't hot or cold you dunces.
Then why do they have thermometers in space?
How has NASA not settled this by now? They put fricking Shatner into space. How hard can it be to take a pistol and fire it on an EVA? Useless tax sponging layabouts.
>How hard can it be to take a pistol and fire it on an EVA?
Fire it at what? You want a random bullet orbiting Earth?
Nah, the aliens can have everyone outside of America. For all I know they'll be better neighbors. Maybe they'll be more open to the ideas of freedom, liberty, and capitalism. Maybe they won't constantly try to subvert our institutions and bribe our elected leadership.
Also, a bullet would burn up in the atmosphere before it reached Earth's surface. The moon would probably be the safest gun range in existence, despite being entirely unhospitable to life.
>Because we're supposed to present a united front to the aliens.
Humans can't present a united front against the ~~*aliens*~~ on Earth, What do you expect in space?
How has NASA not settled this by now? They put fricking Shatner into space. How hard can it be to take a pistol and fire it on an EVA? Useless tax sponging layabouts.
>Give me one single reason to watch it since they killed big booba.
Kinoman. I honestly can't a single reason other than that, and I will dump the show when Ed dies.
Why did the Soviets shoot down a passenger airliner? To kill Tom and Ellen? Why not poison them in a hotel? Season 2 is becoming dumber by the episode. I don't think I'll watch Season 3. This just became good guys vs. bad guys dumb action shit. Nothing to do with space or space exploration any more. Even the astronauts are just working in a mine like manual labourers.
Anon that's an incident that actually happened in real life you dipshit. Korean Air Flight 007, shot down by Soviet fighters after accidentally straying into Soviet airspace. It was part of the reason that GPS got opened up to civilian use.
In the show, the Soviets actually have better reason than IRL. In-universe the incident happened near a top secret USSR launch site.
Accidental in so much as I'm not sure their intent was to murder a plane full of people. Not as in they didn't deliberately fire upon it. I'm not trying to absolve them of anything, certainly not the incident or their after-the-fact coverup.
We keep having this thread everyday now, so I'll summarize the important bits:
GUNS WILL WORK IN SPACE, the problem is lubrication, metal parts possibly cold welding together and heat dissipation, but you can work around all of those. The heating isn't even that big of an issue, you should be able to cycle a couple of thousand rounds before you run into problems
These two were such a power couple. Of course Ellen had to go ruin it and run off with some third-rate lesbo poet. She complained about not having enough sex, well she's in for a surprise after a couple of years. First time around Ellen and Pam never went past the honeymoon phase.
Problem with this show is they like to change something make appear once in the season and forget about. >most the world is soviet, even Mexico >oil worked in the USA are protesting cause new helium energy. >no mention of how the middle east would be going ape shit.
RDM as showrunner is probably the most apparent connection. The pennant for ever-escalating space disasters is a direct carryover from BSG and there's a bunch of dialogue references.
I hope for more space disasters and accident. Always enjoyed PvE sci-fi more than PvP. Human drama is catalyst, real action should come from humans overcoming external threats. That's why Armageddon is one of the best sci-fi movies and movies in general.
If you enjoy For All Mankind, you might want to check out the reboot of Battlestar Galactica. It's much more of a traditional space opera, but there's a lot of DNA from it that carried over. Particularly the pilot miniseries and the first episode of the series proper.
I'd rank both among my favourite shows, but for different reasons. It's pretty cool that a creator that got his start by handing off a Trek script at a studio tour and ending up in the 90's Trek writer's room has been able to become such a creative force in his own right.
And that he's been able to convince Apple to give him obscene amounts of money to do it.
It's not even necessary for a rifle bullet on the moon to achieve the same kinetic energy in raw joules than it can on earth - it only needs to puncture your space suit to incapacitate you within a minute or less.
>bullet propelled forward >in space nothing to stop it from going on continuously
Tell me why this wouldn't work, nerds. Sounds like a scam that it wouldn't, NASA spreading lies. Again.
They pretty much do. A woman astronaut once shit so hard, her fecal nuggets shot through the toilet and ended up making holes in the ISS and that's just what a human intestine cannon can do
We're decades away from something like that. To think private enterprise could build it in the 90s, how did they even get it there? They didn't even explain if they had rocketry.
It just doesn't fit, it's way too outside the realm of possibility. >inb4 b-but they are planning to do it before the end of the decade!
The only people who could do it is the Chinese and I doubt space hotel is high priority to them.
They weren't exactly building Babylon Five up there, and this is a reality where shit like the Sea Dragon is regularly making delivery runs to the Moon. It's a little bit of a stretch but I don't think it's all that far.
>We're decades away from something like that.
We're also decades away from building a refueling installation on the Moon used to launch ships with NERVA engines on missions to Mars, but guess what, that also happens in the show.
I'll concede the handwaving "we just have nuclear fusion now" (and nuclear engines) is pretty annoying too, but at least it's a technical point and doesn't completely ruin the aesthetic of space and how intricate things are.
Idk, the fact that the Soviets were neck and neck with the US in the space race lends to the suspension of disbelief.
Private enterprise would have been contracted to help with space programs and developments would have fueled their own capitalist ventures.
Isn't that how a good deal of tech landed on store shelves in actual reality? Like velcro?
Alternate histories gonna alternate better than ours sometimes.
>danny fricking karen.
I fricking knew it. I'm not there yet, but it's fricking obvious. In S2E7 he is about to fix the plumbing and the leak, he's gonna be the "man around the house" fixing things for her, so of course the classic housewife character will fall for him.
I find it odd that they started the show off with Russia sending women into space and leading the charge, but we haven't seen a single female cosmonaut since.
Firstly, season 3 should have began with the collapse of the USSR and the new space race just being private enterprise and NASA. The narrative is too muddled with this three way, but I guess USSR is now out of the race now, so maybe that was the plan? Feels half wienered.
Secondly, if this is an alternative future where the USSR is still thriving past expiration date, they should be given some concessions too. It wasn't half bad in the USSR while the money was still flowing, and in this universe we must imagine that's how it is. So why is USSR still being portrayed as a failing backwater shithole? Honestly the USSR in this series is less progressive than the real life USSR who ran the Interkosmos program and put people from many nations into space.
This feels like an extremely unfair portrayal of the USSR, and its turning into flat out commie bashing propaganda instead of the original premise of the USSR forcing the USA to become more progressive.
Adding to this, in real life Buran was autonomous and flew into orbit, around the world, then landed completely autonomously. In the 80s. They were more advanced in real life than the damn show.
>Firstly, season 3 should have began with the collapse of the USSR
Made it better, change history change consecuences, made the Perestroika work and somehow America collapse
They made USSR survive, yet still look pathetic. Either show USSR succeeding or may as well have them collapse. At this point it looks like they've been purely kept to cause a space rescue cause silly dumb russians break their rocket that strong american woman taught them how to cool.
Your attention, thread: This research paper is entitled "Meanderings of a weapon oriented mind when applied in a vacuum such as on the moon", written in 1965.
>claymore mines on a stick for space-shotguns
I like it
https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3038458-The-Meanderings-of-a-Weapon-Oriented-Mind-When.html
More readable link
Also on topic: The Gyrojet, a pistol that fires rocket-propelled rounds that accelerate during flight as propellent is burned.
>those giant gun cases they shipped them in
Lmao, no way they would waste the space. They'd probably send the damn things up in bags or parts and you assemble on arrival.
>Space Gun
Did you watch the show? They're explicitly standard AR-15s that've been lightly modified to function properly on the Moon because it's a rushed, poorly thought through operation.
Everybody knows about their knockoff Salyut, nobody cares because it's 60+year old shit they're just finally catching up to. Tianwen-1 was pretty impressive though, if only for beating the Mars curse on the first try.
What I love is the people posting comparison images of the insides of China's satellite and comparing it to images of the ISS.
No shit the brand new one looks neater and cleaner than the multinational operation that's been the most successful operation of its kind for two decades.
They should at least have the stocks in the collapsed position to account for the bulk of the spacesuits when shouldering the rifles. Not to mention the lack of proper eye relief on the 4x scopes with the helmets in the way.
>no mechanism to retain the weapon
would be kino to have a QD tether to the suit
>precious cost of sending weight to space >front sight still attached >stupid carrying handle still attached >don't have massive heat sinks on the barrel (no air to cool it) >really stupid looking WW2-era scope tacked on >not using caseless ammunition
gr8
Anon the show's set in the mid 80's. The front sight and carryhandle aren't detachable on standard ARs like they pulled out of inventory, they neither have nor need caseless and while heat radiation is an issue, the white paint buys them enough dissipation as long as they aren't magdumping all day.
And the optic makes sense, magnified or not it'd be practically impossible to get a decent sight picture on the irons.
Why? Guns would work even better in space.
How? How would you ignite the primer? Those just look like m4s
They have oxidizers in them. Guns can be fired in vacuums no problem.
t. brainlet
We don't use matchlocks anymore, moron
Bullets have oxidizer inside them, they can't wait for air all around the gun to ignite, the powder has to burn all at once for the explosion to work. You can shoot guns underwater too, the bullet just slows down much faster.
The recoil would be no worse than on Earth. As long as you have something to absorb it, you're fine. Especially with an M-16 that has springs to absorb the recoil anyway.
>As long as you have something to absorb it, you're fine
I think that's what anon means, with lower gravity you've got lower normal force so your standard firing stance is going to channel a lot less of the recoil into the ground
Use another firing stance then.
Laying down is the most stable position on earth as well. You'll also have a heavy spacesuit weighing you down.
I'm no gun gay, but can't you fire some guns underwater? Isn't that basically the same thing?
You can, the issue with guns underwater is cycling them. In other words, unless they're designed for it, that first underwater shot is probably your only one. And bullets are fricking useless underwater.
Modern rounds contain everything they need to fire inside the casing, so a lack of air isn't going to be a problem. Not inherently, at least.
Same here, I know shit about guns, but I do know there are special underwater guns, I think they fire darts or something? Either way, you can probably create some kind of special space gun.
How are you even on this website with a smooth brain like yours?
nanomachines, son!
It's not about working, it's about what they mean. Space is about exploration and advancing mankind, not continuing the petty fights we have down here.
Space combat is kino though, why would you even bother going to space otherwise?
But guns do work in space.
>Space is about exploration and advancing mankind, not continuing the petty fights we have down here.
I love space and agree with that, but saying that in this context makes you sound like a massive homosexual. You've gotta be realistic in the sense that wherever humanity goes they bring humanity with them, and the reason why we fight on earth is far more complex than petty tribalism.
I gotta agree that he sounds like a massive homosexual, but the thing that people fail to grasp, is that space is HARD. No amount ogayoc technology is going to somehow make space easy.
So when humans try to bring along all their favorite bigotries and biases and nasty habits and addictions.... They are going to notice that space does not give a frick, and space will kick their ass.
It's not until we've lost a few colonies to really stupid avoidable bullshit that humans will appreciate how easy we've had it on this little dirt clod.
please take note
Yup, the flag should be on the right shoulder swept backwards. These are imposters.
>the petty fights we have down here.
only a sheltered, ignorant girly man would say such a thing.
>border disputes are totally relevant outside of Earth
yes, on the cosmic scale, they are petty.
space filled with worthless shit no one cares about, you bet your ass countries are gonna fight over every gram of something worthwhile we just aren't there yet because we can barely manage to have people orbiting the earth let alone reaching anything worth something
Holy shit you just don't realise what a massive landgrab the next few centuries are going to be, do you?
Holy shit you just don't realise countries can't claim territory in space.
>outer space is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means;
https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introouterspacetreaty.html
>international treaties are followed
See how that stands the test of the first viable commercial application of, say, mineral extraction
>oh no, they're mining that asteroid!
>shit, that means there's only 29864826464896741 asteroids to mine from! time to build the space battleship Yamato and go to wa over that one asteroid!
Life isn't a movie, anon.
Never, EVER reply to me with such a dumb post, "friend"
>oh shit they're mining that asteroid
>but we just surveyed that asteroid last week! frick them it's ours
wars in space will probably not happen even if there's a reason for it, it's way too easy too frick up space entirely for everyone for ever for it to be worth it, we're more likely to fill the earths orbit with debris than we are to making it very far in space, it's like with nukes, we live in a gentleman's agreement to not fight any big wars to not use them to not destroy most of the world
never heard of a thing called Scorched Earth?
>Scorched Earth
We're talking about the Moon
I'm talking about a country about to lose a war and it's chance to ever catch up to the space race so they crash a few satellites together to start a nice Kessler Syndrome and put a hold on launching anything into space for a few decades while they rebuild.
Anyone can claim anything with enough firepower.
Do you think by "landgrab" I meant some homosexual in a powdered wig waving a piece of paper in a national rival's face?
oh no someone should tell Russia their not allowed to annex Crimea
This goes out the window the second we can keep people in space indefinitely, if I could piss on your head and all of your attempts to climb into space I would.
Nice bait
>le discovery of american continent is about mankind and peace and shieet
No Black person it's about killing new people.
if you think people wouldn't warfare in space if there was a race to get resources you are a fricking idiot
Lol, this homie thinks peace is the natural state of existence and nature.
It fricking isn't. Conflict and death are the base state of reality. Peace and love must be enforced at the end of a gun, you big dummy.
Point is, in space it is easy for everyone to get annihilated at the same time. A little hole in a huge spaceship can mean desruction of the whole ship. It's best not to start fighting in the first place.
Very cool, anon.
>A little hole in a huge spaceship can mean desruction of the whole ship.
I bet you thought the depressurization scene in Alien Resurrection was realistic too.
DELTA P
Delta P between space and out atmosphere is 1 atmosphere, or 1 bar
It's the same as between sea level and 10m underwater aka fricking nothing
You could plug a hole in a spaceship with your finger
>You could plug a hole in a spaceship with your finger
Sure, if you're around to plug it, and you know, not dead from lack of oxygen, or a fire, or high CO2, or one of a million things that can go wrong in space. Guns in space are just adding a few more things to what can go wrong.
Is that why the astronauts on the ISS have to go into the Soyuz "lifeboat" every time there's a small piece of debris flying their way?
>what is impact velocity
>bullets fired in space are slow
Where did I imply that?
300 m/s vs 10000 m/s
that's all well and good until the other guy shows up with guns and you don't have any
Compared to a piece of debris from a satellite on a different orbit, yes, they are slow.
that's because safety procedures are written by quivering little israeli bureaucrats, not chad space explorers
The ISS literally had a leak in the russian module cause some idiot in ground crew fricked up his drilling and didnt tell anyone. They patched the hole and moved on.
Explosive decompression is a myth.
a small piece of metal going very fast would go through the station. decompression isn't the only danger. debris can hit electronics, puncture oxygen and water lines deep inside the craft, somewhere they can't reach, or reach quickly enough. it can destroy vital circuit boards, wires, etc. sure they may have redundant systems, but that means a few pieces can frick it up, or one lucky one.
no, Roscosmos insisted that it was the American femoid astronaut on her period who did that
https://www.newsweek.com/russia-could-take-legal-action-against-nasa-astronaut-accused-drilling-hole-spacecraft-1655420
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Au%C3%B1%C3%B3n-Chancellor
That's at least partially because the ISS is made of tinfoil and debris could just fly straight through it and take someone's eye out
>A little hole in a huge spaceship can mean desruction of the whole ship
Lmao. Lmao.
Also what guns are you shooting? Regular bullets bend and break in humans. They're soft metal, compared to the stuff we make space ships from.
Anon space ships are very fragile. You could punch through the skin of an Apollo lander with your elbow if you weren't careful.
And if we get to the point of sending humans into space for exploration, the ships will be made from much stronger materials. You do understand about the great distance objects in space are apart, right?
The disposable shit we send to the moon 50 years ago weren't made to last for human transport.
Those are not the base state of reality; it has only (ever seemingly) been made that way by the “archons”; read the rundown, various resources, and answers to the questions in the directory of the threads in the pastebin paste in the image posted in my reply.
Better yet, watch Spirit Science
We never would have lived long enough to develop language, let alone guns, if humans weren't naturally a social grouping animal.
Put down the Hobbes and Locke. We wrote more accurate ideas since then. Rousseau would be a good start, but even that's not the place to stop.
No one idea has been true enough to unite peoples beyond the 300 person grouping.
In fact, it’s one of the reasons we’re looking for a grand unified theory of everything, something we can all agree on regardless of where we are in history.
Christianity and other religions have a good idea in unifying all of humanity under one idea, problem is and always was that that idea was false, not resistant to the slightest actual scrutiny.
A GUT doesn’t have that weakness.
Oh. You're so uneducated that you never learned about trade. Sorry, I assumed that you were educated in more than NRA propaganda.
You never would have gotten to the point of guns, if your Hobbesian ideas were true. We would have murdered each other with clubs and never advanced beyond.
Trade? Trade doesn’t unify, it brings together but the whole entire point is leaving separately again.
A meme like that, with no oversight on grifters?
Is no meme to carry humanity into deep time lol.
It's naive to think that simply moving off of the earth will turn everyone into pacifistic utopians.
Sooner or later combat in space will happen.
>Sooner or later combat in space will happen.
By the time we reach that level of technological advancement all the fights will be settled on Earth, one way or another.
Next time think before you post, "comrade".
>surveying the same asteroid
shiggy
>people move off world
>become independent of earth
>they start a war
>migrate back to earth to fight for some reason
>By the time we reach that level of technological advancement
Anon, we have the technology to have space combat right now.
If so inclined the space force could use the X-37B to push some enemy nation's vital satellites into a deorbit trajectory, we could have a cosmonaut on the ISS decide to strangle an american astronaut to death, Space X could have send a space capsule loaded with explosives to rendezvous with with the chinese Tiangong station to destroy it.
The possibility exists now, it's just that nobody has bothered to do so yet but for all we know things could go to shit any day now.
I have read that in the 80s some planners considered the struggle in orbit to be similar in significance to the Battle of the Atlantic in WW2 - something that unless it was won no other theatre victory would be feasible.
>he doesn't know about the 23mm canons on the Almaz stations during the 70s
this scene is a mess. one second she has a spoon and he's drinking out of the cup, the next he has a spoon and she's drinking out of the cup. did they have to reshoot or something?
Based. Wasn't it going to be used to shoot down other satellites?
>nothing your stance couldn't correct for.
what do you call the stance for firing in space?
>stance
Look at the picture, they're shooting the guns on the surface of the moon.
>Shooting other sats
Pretty much, yeah. These things were supposed to be crewed spy sats, basically. Electronics weren't reliable enough that you could trust the sat to do its job autonomously, so you'd put a couple guys in the sat, and have them take pictures through a telescope pointed at earth. They can talk to the ground and describe the pictures, or they can send the pictures down on a re-entry capsule (this is before you could send high rez pictures through radio). But what if the yanks decide to send a ship to capture your guys because they don't want some picture they took to make it back to the motherland? The answer is you mount a gun on the station, and turn the whole station to aim the gun at anything that comes too close for confort.
They did test fire the guns a couple times, and apparently it shook the whole station rather violently, but they never actually used them while there was crew on-board. Then electronics made the whole manned spy sat concept redundant.
>what do you call the stance for firing in space?
They're called manuevering thrusters, you know, the shit they use to fly around in space.
>shoot
>tiny recoil pushes you
>correct your movement by moving the opposite direction
Wew so hard. How do you think astronauts spacewalk? With such thrusters.
I aim to be the first man in history that looks down at Earth from space and give zero shits once we get affordable space travel.
One of the gayest things about a Sci-Fi is the idea that we’d form a one world government of humanity in every damn work that’s been made. Like we’ll drop part of ourselves and part of nature and all the history behind it because we shot our asses into a black void.
We got into space because of inter-human conflict, same as the competition over the new world. The frontiers of humanity have no place for your homosexual hippy bullshit.
>Like we’ll drop part of ourselves and part of nature and all the history behind it because we shot our asses into a black void.
Not "drop", but grow out of, evolve from. We don't live in caves and hunt our food any more, do we? We don't bleed people to cure them of illnesses.
>The airliner was shot down in real life too.
I meant more the motivations in the show.
>In-universe the incident happened near a top secret USSR launch site.
I don't know what you meant, I don't read minds.
>The possibility exists now, it's just that nobody has bothered to do so yet
Likely they never will.
>we'll "grow out" of conflicts for material or resources or ideology
>he says as the US and russia are currently fighting a proxy war in Ukraine
Hopeless fool
>I don't know what you meant, I don't read minds.
you don't read history books either. Colonies only stayed in the hands of nations that could defend them. This is the real reason why the US was able to buy Louisiana and Alaska, because France and Russia knew they were going to lose them eventually anyway.
we will one government, cause earth will be priced out for all the spacenoids.
The fact that so many people oppose what you’re saying just goes to show how much of a shithole this website is
>just goes to show how much of a shithole this website is
they're zoomers who grew up on STD and pew pew pew nu-trek. They didn't watch TNG and didn't have Picard on TV instilling good morals and ethics in them.
it just works.
>it just works.
lol enjoy your artifacs, bad colors and shitty media support. Mpchc will always be king
Picard has the benefit of living centuries in the future and inheriting a culture with minimal scarcity and prejudice. For All Mankind is set in an alt-history 20th century Space Race, where the objective of scientific exploration is to dunk on other terrestrial countries.
We can't escape the truths of human nature. Only reason any human ever set foot on the war was because of the Cold War and the Space Race. Right now the glorious moon base future is being built by reptilian billionaires like Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos, based purely on infinite greed. And you can be damn sure there will be political and economic conflicts about the moon and its space and resources in the future. We already got military satellites and anti-satellite weapons, we're getting space weapons for sure and we will continue to kill each other on the moon and on mars and wherever else we're going. We're aggressive apes who learned to use tools.
That’s not the true nature of humanity (conflict and war); see
>Only reason any human ever set foot on the war
Something on your mind, anon?
damn it, moon I meant MOON
space is the most petty fight of all man kind, you have all these billions placed by countries to "explore" space but really they just want to seize control ,and will shoot at each other the first chance they get.
>he thinks man's petty fights will disappear once you leave the ionosphere.
>Space is about exploration and advancing mankind, not continuing the petty fights we have down here.
Peak delusion. Competition of the ideas on how to advance mankind (from monotheism vs polytheism to Communism vs Capitalism) is one of the primary fuels for conflicts.
I play this game everyday since the 2000 year...22 fricking years, best 4x game ever, sadly we never get the second expansion.
>It's not about working, it's about what they mean. Space is about exploration and advancing mankind, not continuing the petty fights we have down here.
What a ignorant and limited mindset
You're right, space exploration should be about picking fights with aliens.
This
Guns allow weak men to feel powerful. It's anti-natural, thus liberal. All the atheist revolutions were due to the peasants having guns. And that's since the 1800s.
History went to shit when guns were used. It's a fact. Real men used swords, but with guns the peasants felt they were knights and this removed the boundary between the alpha aristocracy with the beta men.
You own a gun? then you are a liberal. Simple as.
Tyranny doesn't just go away when you go to space and throw out your means of self defense.
Much wiser men than you who lived through harder times than either of us put guns in the American constitution for a reason.
Parsing that into English
>Space should be about capitalism and enriching a few people, either openly through private enterprise or covertly through state-led programmes.
>why would that cause fights between competing groups, this makes me uncomfortable!
you need air for guns to function
bullets would just fall off the gun
Things can explode in space anon
You mean they couldn't stay afloat because there's no air? Kek
equal and opposite reaction. the recoil would be bonkers
Bullets don't have nearly the same mass as a human + space suit + rifle. The recoil would be minimal even in zero G, the OP scene take place on the surface of the moon.
>Bullets don't have nearly the same mass as a human + space suit + rifle
do you understand how a bullet works? The detonation that gives a bullet enough kinetic energy to go through someone doesn't just work in one direction
you seem to have misread his post, friend
Nah.
he's saying you big, bullet very small, so you not go too fast from bullet
There's several posts that are very confidently and aggressively wrong in that thread, and I can't help but wonder if it's just one gay (the one your post was replying to) or several. Can't figure out which is worse.
The airliner was shot down in real life too.
>There's several posts that are very confidently and aggressively wrong in that thread
I am the one who posted
I am indeed saying that the combined mass of your body/suit/rifle is considerably more than that of a single bullet and that while the firing of that bullet would impart an opposing force on you it would not be enough to send you flying backwards like a cartoon character like you implied.
Especially when inside a gravity well like on the surface of the moon.
Yes, and you're right. The force would in fact be the exact same as it is on earth. Only difference would be the amount of traction between your boots and the ground due to the lower gravity, but nothing your stance couldn't correct for.
The bullet travels about 400 m/s in air, it's going to be accelerated up to much more than that in a vacuum with no air resistance. You are going to feel that same force in reaction, and yeah, you're bigger than the bullet, but you're not sufficiently bigger that the force is going to be negligible especially since lower g, lower friction is going to allow you to dissipate much less of that energy through your legs into the ground.
>being this confident while being this much of a midwit
I accept your graceless dfefeat
Yes anon, also space is cold and the slightest leak in a spaceship will trigger an explosive decompression, right?
Do you find that sarcasm is the refuge of people who know what they're talking about and have a solid argument? Is that your experience?
No I'm just laughing at you mate
feels more like seethe tbh
the impotent seething of a brainlet in denial
You do not understand the difference between weight and inertia, and I find that that, combined with your absolute confidence in yourself is rather funny. But don't let me interrupt, please keep explaining how guns are impossible to use in space.
OK, I'm sure someone somewhere is impressed by your ineffectual snark
More mass means the force won't affect it as much as the mass of the bullet.
Yes
But a bullet is accelerated very rapidly up to half a kilometre per second
Even if that same force is distributed through a mass a thousand times that of a bullet it's still substantial especially in an environment where it can't readily be dissipated into the ground
The force would be exactly the same as it is when you fire the same gun on earth. No more, no less, gravity or ambient pressure don't factor into that. The only difference would be the traction the soles of your boot get on the ground. If it's possible to fire a gun while standing on an ice rink (it would be awkward, but possible, and you could become proficient at it with training), then it's possible on the moon.
A bullet weighs a few grams, astronaut in a suit + shit weighs 100+ kilograms. That recoil is not a problem.
You wouldn't even need the same charge to propel a bullet in space as you would on earth. spess guns exist already
>bonkers
Remove this homosexual phrase from your vocabulary, for your own sake
seethe harder troony
Wouldn't they overheat if they had no air to cool with?
Guns used to be water cooled. Space guns would just be super bulky but that’s less of a problem cause that actually solves some of the kickback problems
the brass absorbs most of the heat. they'll still heat up much more than in air, but you can fire a bunch of bullets before you start damaging even an ordinary rifle, never mind something space-adapted that has an eight times thicker barrel (the extra weight now only matters logistically, not tactically)
The heavier gun would be slower to aim though
My very intelligent, pro-science and well educated friend said that since space is very cold it would rapidly cool the guns
What software is she using?
>space is very cold it would rapidly cool the guns
Space is actually very hot because it is closer to the Sun.
There's also space further away from the sun, you know
the problem with space is that there is no protection from that sun not that it's closer or further away from it, if you're on a shade i would be super fricking cold and on sun light super hot
But you could go further from it to mitigate the heat problem.
space itself is not hot or cold, whatever piece of earth you're on is hot or cold, the moon itself can reach + or - 130 c depending on if the sun was heating it or not
It’s cholt.
Semantics. You wouldn't get hot if you were sufficiently far from a heat source.
preferably you would be wearing a space suit that offers insulation, as for the gun it probably wouldn't be too hard to design one that would work just fine in extreme space heat compared to keeping someone alive and traveling in space
In this case, the literal space marines were pulled together as quickly as possible for deployment to Jamestown after the USSR began unilaterally claiming dig sites the US was exploring. Quick adaptions of weapons they were already familiar with made more sense than rushing something 'more suitable' through R&D.
The sun is pretty hot because it is so close to space. Bill Nye taught me that.
Space isn't hot or cold you dunces.
it's not room temperature either so you're full of shit
if you want to be scientifically accurate space is hot but the density of particles is very low, near vacuum. Guns would overheat because there's no particles to dissipate heat into from the metal
Oldgay here...they are using some version of MSDOS
That's not true. Space may be cold but there's no air to conduct heat into, and heat transfer by radiation is slow.
Or in other words: Vacuum is a great insulator
Heat is the statistical combined total movement of all atoms in a given space right? Does that mean a vacuum is cold by definition? I guess it would insulate against all heat transfers except for radiant heat? Just woke up
It's more that space is the absence of things. There's no medium to carry that heat to begin with. 'Cold' implies the presence of a medium lacking heat. Different from the near complete absence of one to begin with.
Assuming a perfect vacuum, then space has no temperature. In practice perfect vacuums don't exist, but it's close enough that you can't meaningfully talk about the temperature of space
>I find it odd that they started the show off with Russia sending women into space and leading the charge, but we haven't seen a single female cosmonaut since.
That's actually pretty historically accurate. Russians sent a woman in space just to flex, but it was a publicity stunt and nothing else, their astronaut training program wasn't open to women for a while.
It looks straight out of 2000 a space odyssey you philistine
>then space has no temperature
yes, it's absolute 0, 0K. that is still a temperature
>It looks straight out of 2000 a space odyssey you philistine
Which is precisely why it shouldn't be in this show.
The station in the movie is based on a real Wernher Von Braun concept
Temperature is the average energy of the particles in a given volume. In a hypothetical perfect vacuum where there are no particles in a given volume, how do you measure the energy of the particles? There are none.
Allow me a metaphor. You're a virgin, you've never slept with a woman. Now, I'm asking you to describe how attractive the average woman you've slept with is, with a rating out of ten. Is the answer zero? How can you tell me the average woman you've slept with is ugly, when you've never slept with a woman? No, the answer is not zero. You can't make an average between zero data points. The question is simply meaningless.
>Temperature is the average energy of the particles in a given volume.
No, it's the number on your thermometer, nerd.
It's worth keeping in mind how in the show the NASA female astronaut program was almost shitcanned the second time when it stopped being politically relevant, only kept alive because they essentially went behind the admin's back. Russia wouldn't tolerate such a thing in their program.
The show's decision to make the Buran a literal shuttle clone rather than a shuttle inspired design was a curious one.
>The show's decision to make the Buran a literal shuttle clone rather than a shuttle inspired design was a curious one.
The shows decision to make the USSR look like bumbling fools always needing US guidance is a clear one. Commies bad!
I received a warning for posting this image, even though it is literally a screenshot of the show, and the subtitles are word for word what he says.
It wiped the smile off his face permanently.
Forget the race to Mars, what about the race to take Margo the Virgo's virginity? Now that Sergei is out of the game, it's anyone's race.
>implying she isn't having gin and grass fueled orgies at the jazz bar
All public serveants are degenerates...orgies in nasa are common
>That's actually pretty historically accurate
Perfect, just what an 'alternative history' show needs.
Would overheat and freeze just from the vacuum + direct sunlight or shadow and no air to transfer heat.
The recoil would hit like crazy.
Just use missiles.
Why would the recoil hit harder in space than on earth moron? Its your body absorbing the recoil, not the moon or the atmosphere. holy shit lmao, muricans are so fking moronic.
napkin math says you can shoot a gun in a vacuum pretty fast without overheating it. they would probably have to invent hotter barrel materials and paints that are emissive while blocking peak solar wavelengths though.
thermal radiation is P=ƐσAT^4
heat gained from shooting is P=X rounds/min * E joules/shot
equate, X = ƐσAT^4 / E
E = 318J from barrel friction according to something i googled, ignoring gas transfer
A = barrel area ~= 0.03m^2
T = maximum barrel temperature, say 500F = 533K for sake of argument
X = Ɛ * σ * 0.03m^2 * (533K)^4 / 318J ~= 30 rounds/min
no they wouldn't. bullets would be weightless like humans. shooting someone in space would be like hitting someone with a feather. the bullets would just float away. learn some science, stupid.
asteroid debris would like to have a word with
>t. got hit in the face with a comet and it felt just like a feather
I usually don't respond to morons but in this case I'll make an exception. In this experiment it's proven that in space, a feather weighs the same as a bowling ball:
That's not about them having the same weight.
It just demonstrates that in the absence of an atmosphere, gravity causes objects to accelerate at the same rate regardless of their weight.
The bowling ball will still hit the ground harder.
Weight IS acceleration due to gravity. Physics as we're taught it makes no sense in space.
>In science and engineering, the weight of an object is the force acting on the object due to gravity.
The force, not the acceleration. Acceleration depends on mass of the object and the force acting upon it. In case of the feather and the bowling ball the force acting on them is actually different, but the acceleration is the same. Pretty mindblowing stuff if you think about it, huh? Shows how physics are like clockwork.
>Weight IS acceleration
times MASS
If some projectile hits you in space with 400 m/s while you float at 0 m/s you will get pierced
what if you shoot so you are pushed backwards to decrease the relative velocity?
do the moonwalk and walk away
>what is inertia
It isn't gravity that make bullets fricking kill you.
just put oxidised in the bullets, done
Based morons
Based resmarts
Gunpowder already has oxidizer in it moron
why are the guns white too?
Reflect the sun instead of absorb it and heat up.
>throw gun in the "air"
>can't see it anymore because the "sky" is pitch black and you can't see starts from the moon due to science
No blacks in space. Not even guns.
elon was a white supremecist all along
Radiation is the only way heat can be transferred in space, thus they are painted white to reflect the most light and prevent overheating.
Then they should be chrome like a real space gun.
>flakes off from the heat and vibrations.
these are special guns that would only work on space
white is better, every one knows that
They wanted them to be perfect.
Ice Pirates is one of those movies that on it's premise and appearance should suck but is actually good.
So your gun doesn't heat up to 150C in the Sun
They wanted them to work.
The black guns were too heavy to bring into space
the most kino show currently airing
is this for all sneedkind?
Yes.
What do you guys think of the new season so far?
I've been enjoying it. A little slow to start but episode 4 was exactly what I watch the show for. It's a very specific flavour of everything going worse than you thought it could.
It's much more promising than that shitpozzedfest that S2 was.
KINOMAN is the only reason this show was renewed for a second season
It's kino and surprisingly fast paced, without filler.
Why? The only issue I can come up with for it is that there's no way you could shoulder one in a real space suit and if you fired it while floating it would set you spinning.
>Why?
Because we're supposed to present a united front to the aliens.
>There's also space further away from the sun, you know
No, you just get closer to another sun.
Then why do they have thermometers in space?
>How hard can it be to take a pistol and fire it on an EVA?
Fire it at what? You want a random bullet orbiting Earth?
>Fire it at what?
lead your shot so it hits Mir
>Soviets don't say anything
>Russians are cold, dry, humourless
This show is phoning it in on the writing in Season 2. Disappointing.
>lead your shot so it hits Mir
yeah, but shooting it at Earth carries the danger of hitting someone.
the person getting hit does, I imagine
The chances of that are tiny. There's already plenty of shit up there that never hits anything because space is fricking big.
yo is that yuri from stranger things
>Fire it at what?
Who gives a shit?
>present a united front to the aliens
Nah, the aliens can have everyone outside of America. For all I know they'll be better neighbors. Maybe they'll be more open to the ideas of freedom, liberty, and capitalism. Maybe they won't constantly try to subvert our institutions and bribe our elected leadership.
Also, a bullet would burn up in the atmosphere before it reached Earth's surface. The moon would probably be the safest gun range in existence, despite being entirely unhospitable to life.
>Because we're supposed to present a united front to the aliens.
Humans can't present a united front against the ~~*aliens*~~ on Earth, What do you expect in space?
How has NASA not settled this by now? They put fricking Shatner into space. How hard can it be to take a pistol and fire it on an EVA? Useless tax sponging layabouts.
>settled
actual science isn't mythbusters
It either will or won't work.
and we already know what will happen
Thus it is settled.
Is there a new season of For All Mankind? Give me one single reason to watch it since they killed big booba.
morons getting hurt for doing moron things
also witnessed
WITNESS!!!!
You know Anon, KINOMAN saves the day
>Give me one single reason to watch it since they killed big booba.
Kinoman. I honestly can't a single reason other than that, and I will dump the show when Ed dies.
Kinoman is going to win the Mars race
If they work underwater, why wouldn't they work in space?
Can you shoot a gun from space at Earth and potentially kill someone?
the bullet would slow down too much and/or burn up, so unless it was a bullet designed for re-entry, no
At that point you're basically doing rods from god the hard way.
It's silly to transport heavy items live rifles and lead ammunition into space, most of the fighting during the Apollo missions was hand to hand.
Thats why guns in space will be railgun or energy weapons
Good job, Kelly. I'm sure the Navy loves a complainer, you'll fit in at Annapolis.
Black folk in space is even stupider.
I want Mad Max in space.
>space gun
Slugthrower, anon. They're called slugthrowers.
Isn't the reaver part of Serenity basically this?
>I'm getting Tracy back.
Absolute chad moment.
And he did. That absolute son of a b***h. Good time Gordo all the way
Why did the Soviets shoot down a passenger airliner? To kill Tom and Ellen? Why not poison them in a hotel? Season 2 is becoming dumber by the episode. I don't think I'll watch Season 3. This just became good guys vs. bad guys dumb action shit. Nothing to do with space or space exploration any more. Even the astronauts are just working in a mine like manual labourers.
Anon that's an incident that actually happened in real life you dipshit. Korean Air Flight 007, shot down by Soviet fighters after accidentally straying into Soviet airspace. It was part of the reason that GPS got opened up to civilian use.
In the show, the Soviets actually have better reason than IRL. In-universe the incident happened near a top secret USSR launch site.
>accidentally
kek
Accidental in so much as I'm not sure their intent was to murder a plane full of people. Not as in they didn't deliberately fire upon it. I'm not trying to absolve them of anything, certainly not the incident or their after-the-fact coverup.
They killed a congressman too
We keep having this thread everyday now, so I'll summarize the important bits:
GUNS WILL WORK IN SPACE, the problem is lubrication, metal parts possibly cold welding together and heat dissipation, but you can work around all of those. The heating isn't even that big of an issue, you should be able to cycle a couple of thousand rounds before you run into problems
Nogunz: the Thread
hands up
Nogunz rise up!!!!
its more realistic than the ideas that women and Black folk would make us more technologically advanced
VLC is a stupid idea lmao
These two were such a power couple. Of course Ellen had to go ruin it and run off with some third-rate lesbo poet. She complained about not having enough sex, well she's in for a surprise after a couple of years. First time around Ellen and Pam never went past the honeymoon phase.
Problem with this show is they like to change something make appear once in the season and forget about.
>most the world is soviet, even Mexico
>oil worked in the USA are protesting cause new helium energy.
>no mention of how the middle east would be going ape shit.
It's from the people who made trek ent so I have hopes for it. There's only so much you can fit into 8-10eps
Old shows used to be 22+ eps a season
RDM as showrunner is probably the most apparent connection. The pennant for ever-escalating space disasters is a direct carryover from BSG and there's a bunch of dialogue references.
I hope for more space disasters and accident. Always enjoyed PvE sci-fi more than PvP. Human drama is catalyst, real action should come from humans overcoming external threats. That's why Armageddon is one of the best sci-fi movies and movies in general.
If you enjoy For All Mankind, you might want to check out the reboot of Battlestar Galactica. It's much more of a traditional space opera, but there's a lot of DNA from it that carried over. Particularly the pilot miniseries and the first episode of the series proper.
I never could get into bsg but I like this.
I'd rank both among my favourite shows, but for different reasons. It's pretty cool that a creator that got his start by handing off a Trek script at a studio tour and ending up in the 90's Trek writer's room has been able to become such a creative force in his own right.
And that he's been able to convince Apple to give him obscene amounts of money to do it.
2 anmend is still valid in space Anon...
It's not even necessary for a rifle bullet on the moon to achieve the same kinetic energy in raw joules than it can on earth - it only needs to puncture your space suit to incapacitate you within a minute or less.
wtf guns are illegal in space
They're not, every Soyuz capsule has a pistol on-board for shooting bears in case they miss time the re-entry and end up outside the landing area.
You'll need a concealed space permit and what will happen if it floats out of your space wallet and the space police will control you?
>bullet propelled forward
>in space nothing to stop it from going on continuously
Tell me why this wouldn't work, nerds. Sounds like a scam that it wouldn't, NASA spreading lies. Again.
Guns will never work in space no matter what conspiracy theories/flat earth logic you post
They pretty much do. A woman astronaut once shit so hard, her fecal nuggets shot through the toilet and ended up making holes in the ISS and that's just what a human intestine cannon can do
My sides some electric moron shit imagine frozen poop bullets
Why not?
Hot drinks
Self service
Worked in CoD Infinite Warfare
Classic Reagan.
The space hotel jumped the shark. Well, that and danny fricking karen.
Don't google space hotel.
We're decades away from something like that. To think private enterprise could build it in the 90s, how did they even get it there? They didn't even explain if they had rocketry.
It just doesn't fit, it's way too outside the realm of possibility.
>inb4 b-but they are planning to do it before the end of the decade!
The only people who could do it is the Chinese and I doubt space hotel is high priority to them.
They weren't exactly building Babylon Five up there, and this is a reality where shit like the Sea Dragon is regularly making delivery runs to the Moon. It's a little bit of a stretch but I don't think it's all that far.
>We're decades away from something like that.
We're also decades away from building a refueling installation on the Moon used to launch ships with NERVA engines on missions to Mars, but guess what, that also happens in the show.
I'll concede the handwaving "we just have nuclear fusion now" (and nuclear engines) is pretty annoying too, but at least it's a technical point and doesn't completely ruin the aesthetic of space and how intricate things are.
The floating hotel looks like a star trek set.
Idk, the fact that the Soviets were neck and neck with the US in the space race lends to the suspension of disbelief.
Private enterprise would have been contracted to help with space programs and developments would have fueled their own capitalist ventures.
Isn't that how a good deal of tech landed on store shelves in actual reality? Like velcro?
Alternate histories gonna alternate better than ours sometimes.
>We're decades away from something like that
Do you just not understand the core premise of the show
>danny fricking karen.
I fricking knew it. I'm not there yet, but it's fricking obvious. In S2E7 he is about to fix the plumbing and the leak, he's gonna be the "man around the house" fixing things for her, so of course the classic housewife character will fall for him.
I find it odd that they started the show off with Russia sending women into space and leading the charge, but we haven't seen a single female cosmonaut since.
Firstly, season 3 should have began with the collapse of the USSR and the new space race just being private enterprise and NASA. The narrative is too muddled with this three way, but I guess USSR is now out of the race now, so maybe that was the plan? Feels half wienered.
Secondly, if this is an alternative future where the USSR is still thriving past expiration date, they should be given some concessions too. It wasn't half bad in the USSR while the money was still flowing, and in this universe we must imagine that's how it is. So why is USSR still being portrayed as a failing backwater shithole? Honestly the USSR in this series is less progressive than the real life USSR who ran the Interkosmos program and put people from many nations into space.
This feels like an extremely unfair portrayal of the USSR, and its turning into flat out commie bashing propaganda instead of the original premise of the USSR forcing the USA to become more progressive.
Adding to this, in real life Buran was autonomous and flew into orbit, around the world, then landed completely autonomously. In the 80s. They were more advanced in real life than the damn show.
>Firstly, season 3 should have began with the collapse of the USSR
Made it better, change history change consecuences, made the Perestroika work and somehow America collapse
They made USSR survive, yet still look pathetic. Either show USSR succeeding or may as well have them collapse. At this point it looks like they've been purely kept to cause a space rescue cause silly dumb russians break their rocket that strong american woman taught them how to cool.
>yet still look pathetic
According to season 3 all latinamerica, 3/4 of Africa, ans half of Asia are in the soviet side...Mexico is communist
And yet it's still only the US with the diverse astronauts, whereas in real life the USSR had more diverse cosmonauts.
I just want Ed to land on the mars and dab on N*SA, Margo and soviets.
Everything old is new again.
The (first) failed Halo TV show spent millions to see if guns worked fine in space during pre production. Turns out they work just fine.
If guns wouldn't work well in space, what are some weapons that would be viable if you needed to fight a war on the moon?
Or just in space in general
Humanities oldest and most trustworthy friend. A long sharp stick.
Guns work just fine in space, these posters are moronic.
Howitzers
Massive african immigration
You get it Rabbi!!!
Space axe
https://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p4013coll11/id/2010/
Your attention, thread: This research paper is entitled "Meanderings of a weapon oriented mind when applied in a vacuum such as on the moon", written in 1965.
That is all, thank you for your attention.
very cool, thanks.
https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3038458-The-Meanderings-of-a-Weapon-Oriented-Mind-When.html
More readable link
Also on topic: The Gyrojet, a pistol that fires rocket-propelled rounds that accelerate during flight as propellent is burned.
Is this document from a different timeline?
Shit you weren't supposed to see that part please ignore
Stupid American who don't know about WWIII, the secret WW...
>claymore mines on a stick for space-shotguns
I like it
Itt our wishes for this season.
NASA ship gets to mars first, rescued cosmonaut jumps out first and claims Mars for USSR, beating the USA again.
>"How do we make a space gun?"
>"Uhhh, let's just take AR-15 and paint it white"
Did they run out of budget?
>those giant gun cases they shipped them in
Lmao, no way they would waste the space. They'd probably send the damn things up in bags or parts and you assemble on arrival.
Why do you think every piece of equipement ever sent to the moon was either white or reflective anon?
>Space Gun
Did you watch the show? They're explicitly standard AR-15s that've been lightly modified to function properly on the Moon because it's a rushed, poorly thought through operation.
No, I didn't.
Your daily reminder that China will plant their Red flag on the Red planet first. And there's nothing we can do.
PS: They already have a space station with people aboard it right now, bet you didn't hear about that from western media.
Did you hear them scream of fear, drifting off into empty space on your 80's built radio?
Everybody knows about their knockoff Salyut, nobody cares because it's 60+year old shit they're just finally catching up to. Tianwen-1 was pretty impressive though, if only for beating the Mars curse on the first try.
What I love is the people posting comparison images of the insides of China's satellite and comparing it to images of the ISS.
No shit the brand new one looks neater and cleaner than the multinational operation that's been the most successful operation of its kind for two decades.
They should at least have the stocks in the collapsed position to account for the bulk of the spacesuits when shouldering the rifles. Not to mention the lack of proper eye relief on the 4x scopes with the helmets in the way.
I can't wait until Ed learns it was Gordo's shithead son that his wife cheated with.
I hope he spaces him or something lmao.
>sleeps with best friend of your dead son
What the frick was her problem, there is no redemption for that shit.
Because Danny reminds her of Shane.
I hope she gets what's coming to her, that shit did make me mad last season.
They made Margo so fricking unlikable in this season.
I just want to hold her hand in the elevator, she's so cute
>no mechanism to retain the weapon
would be kino to have a QD tether to the suit
>precious cost of sending weight to space
>front sight still attached
>stupid carrying handle still attached
>don't have massive heat sinks on the barrel (no air to cool it)
>really stupid looking WW2-era scope tacked on
>not using caseless ammunition
gr8
Anon the show's set in the mid 80's. The front sight and carryhandle aren't detachable on standard ARs like they pulled out of inventory, they neither have nor need caseless and while heat radiation is an issue, the white paint buys them enough dissipation as long as they aren't magdumping all day.
And the optic makes sense, magnified or not it'd be practically impossible to get a decent sight picture on the irons.